![]() ![]() William Thomson proposed the Thomson atomic model in the year 1900. To understand the various chemical reactions that occur around us and the parameters that govern these reactions, we must first understand the elements and compounds that participate in these reactions.Įarly scientific discoveries revealed that matter is made up of atoms, which are made up of elementary particles known as electrons, protons, and neutrons. The plum pudding model, popularly known as the plum pudding model, was abandoned (1911) on theoretical and experimental grounds in favour of the Rutherford atomic model, in which electrons describe orbits around a tiny positive nucleus. Thomson maintained that atoms are uniform spheres of positively charged matter in which electrons are embedded, despite the fact that Kelvin and others advanced several alternative models in the 1900s. In 1897, Sir Joseph John Thomson discovered the electron, a negatively charged part of every atom. ![]() The Thomson atomic model was the first theoretical description of the inner structure of atoms, proposed around 1900 by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and strongly supported. Thomson and Rutherford were the first to demonstrate the ionisation of air in x-rays. He assumed that an atom is made up of a cloud of negative charges surrounded by a sphere of positive charges. The particles were given the name electrons.Įlectrons, according to J.J Thomson, are two thousand times lighter than a proton. Thomson discovered negatively charged particles using a cathode ray tube experiment. Thomson was the first and one of many scientists who proposed models for atomic structure. The discovery of subatomic particles prompted researchers to investigate how subatomic particles are arranged in an atom. ![]()
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![]() ![]() There are various formatting options and the ability to add images, business cards and hyperlinks. Go into the section titled Edit signature and type in the signature you want to use.Under the Select signature to edit section click on the New A pop up box will appear type a name for your new signature into the box and click on OK.Find the Message menu and click on the Signature.Open a new email in your Microsoft Outlook application.How to set up client-side signatures in Microsoft Outlook On a desktop For larger organisations it would quickly become unwieldy. This could be a useful option if you are a very small business with just a few people and devices. Setting up client-side signatures means that each individual needs to manually add the signature to their Outlook application, on each device they use. ![]() The following instructions are based on Outlook 365, but the steps are the same, or very similar, in older versions of Outlook. 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If you are installing Windows 10 on a PC running Windows XP or Windows Vista, or if you need You need to reinstall Windows 10 on a PC you’ve already successfully activated Windows 10.You have a license to install Windows 10 and are upgrading this PC from Windows 7 or Windows. ![]() ![]() ![]() Whether behind the wheel of my Cadillac Eldorado or in the driver's seat of the bus, I was free to explore the landmarks of Chicago and meet some of the locals, who were too busy jumping out of the way to wave hello. Being able to take the cars where I wanted without a timer or anything expected of me was great fun. You'll find the bus slow, but strong as an oak (or a city tree, for that matter).Ĭruise mode was one of the best features in the game. The city bus on the other hand can be run into oncoming traffic on the freeway, and still drive away relatively unscathed. Driving the Beetle, you'll notice how quickly it zigs and zags, but will also notice that it can't take much before falling apart. Accidents are by far one of the best aspects of the game. If you enjoy watching those "Worlds Greatest Car Crash" shows, you'll love playing one. The reasoning behind making the trees so strong was lost on me. This was one source of major annoyance, and a certain lapse of the 'virtual reality' that is effectively painted in Midtown Madness. For some reason, a toothpick city tree will stop even a city bus as sure as a building would. Traffic lights will topple if you run into them, cars will spin around if you hit them (for best results, use the bus) and buildings will stop you dead in your tracks. You can, however, plow into anything you see. The people in Midtown Madness have more moves than Jackie Chan and will flip, jump, and hug the buildings to avoid you. At times, my vehicle looked like it was crafted of coloured chrome, being far too reflective and sometimes showing a reflection I couldn't match to a source.ĭon't count on bouncing someone off your hood. No doubt this was a sacrifice that had to be made to make the game playable, but it was something I really noticed. Player cars are well detailed, but the other motorists' cars lack significant detail. Midtown Madness possesses superb, immersive graphics such as different times of day, and weather conditions, including snow and rain. Opponents will split off on sidestreets trying to find shortcuts, attempt to bang into you to knock you out of commission, and try everything in their power to get across the finish line first. If you're racing, however, you'll be looking to outsmart your opponents, not just outdrive them. The non-player drivers do act like normal motorists, ignorant to most of the stuff happening around you. You'll get a dose of reality however if you cut someone off, drive too close, or run into them, with the other drivers hurling insults and exclamations your way. Cars actually signal before changing lanes, wait at reds, and obey traffic laws. The game is set in a cleaner, friendlier Chicago. The game possesses cars for the truly power-hungry however you must earn the right to "unlock" the truly cool ones by placing in top positions of certain races. Most of the time, my car stopped while the tires and metallic debris kept going. There was many a time I brought my shiny little car around a corner, wrenched on the handbrake and slid sideways into a stopped car. Zipping around in the New Volkswagen Beetle, taking hairpin turns, and dodging both oncoming traffic and cars in my lane was a pulse-pounding experience. The fourth in Microsoft's "Madness" series, Midtown Madness rises above predecessors Monster Truck Madness 1, Monster Truck Madness 2, and Motocross Madness, with fast action, a whole new level of realism, and pedestrians who leap for their lives. ![]() ![]() Once the funky bass-laden music strums across your speakers, you'll be tapping your toes and grooving through the streets of Chicago. The VW Beetle also has enough power to push through the congestion at low speeds.Midtown Madness puts you in the driver's seat, straps you in, and lets you know you're in for something special. The cars jump out, suddenly come out of the skid and constantly try to be on top of each other. The physics in the game would need a little more improvement, but maybe even the physics are going crazy when the game itself has it in its name. Quite a strange way to stop someone who is breaking ordinary traffic regulations. The police will actively prevent you from racing madly through the whole city and try to break your car with your cars. It seems that during the game in Chicago, everyone was on drugs: D Other cars behave strangely - from time to time someone from acceleration flies into someone's side, after which it starts buzzing loudly. By the way, Carmageddon lovers can stop drooling - incredibly mobile pedestrians can always avoid your car. There are a dozen cars available here, including a city bus, a heavy tractor and a police car, and several types of games (and traffic violations are criminal, albeit in a rather strange way, you'll see for yourself).Īs the city seems real, there are cops, other cars and pedestrians. As the name Midtown Madness suggests, it is madness - an arcade race in an urban setting in one pseudo-real city (Chicago). ![]() ![]() ![]() Big drivers are heavy and therefore can’t move fast enough to play high frequencies. So, to move a lot of air, you need a big driver. If you put your headphones in the middle of the room, you’ll hear all the highs, most of the mids and, none of the bass - the driver simply can’t move enough air. Mainly because to reproduce bass frequencies in a room vs the tiny space between the headphone and your ear, you need to move a lot of air. Speakers are not like cans where a single driver can handle the entire spectrum. You get a dedicated driver for bass, midrange and, tweeter. This takes a lot of stress off them and reduces distortion. ![]() The main advantage of a 3 (or more) way speaker is that all the drivers play a narrower frequency band. It looks like this (this image splits what I call diffraction into two - reflection and diffraction): Diffraction is when the sound wave wraps from the driver cone back and bounces off the baffle and comes forward towards you (sort of like an echo of the original wave). The more diffraction, the more loss of fidelity and, the easier it is to localize the speaker. The larger the baffle, the more diffraction. The soundstage goes beyond the boundaries of the speakers and it’s as if the music didn’t originate from them. If it’s done really well, you don’t even need to close your eyes. If you close your eyes and point to the sounds and what you’re pointing to is the speaker, it hasn’t disappeared. “Disappearing” is generally defined as sounds coming from an imaginary soundstage rather than the speaker. The “baffle” is the front of the cabinet. When you say smaller baffle, that’s on the inside of the speaker housing, or a part of the speaker / driver itself? how would you define ‘disappearing?’ would speed be a better word? ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Music training correlates with plastic changes in auditory, motor, and sensorimotor integration areas. However, the extent to which the intensity and duration of instrumental training or other factors such as family background, extracurricular activities, attention, motivation, or instructional methods contribute to the benefits for brain development is still not clear. Studies in the domain of auditory cognitive neuroscience have begun revealing the functional and structural brain plasticity underlying these effects. Psychological and neuroscientific research demonstrates that musical training in children is associated with heightening of sound sensitivity as well as enhancement in verbal abilities and general reasoning skills. We conclude that musical training uniquely engenders near and far transfer effects, preparing a foundation for a range of skills, and thus fostering cognitive development. It also hones temporal processing and orienting of attention in time that may underlie enhancements observed in reading and verbal memory. Further, we introduce the notion of rhythmic entrainment and suggest that it may represent a mechanism supporting learning and development of executive functions. Notably, we point to motivation, reward and social context of musical education, which are important yet neglected factors affecting the long-term benefits of musical training. Importantly, the effects on cognitive development depend on the timing of musical initiation due to sensitive periods during development, as well as on several other modulating variables. The degree of observed structural and functional adaptation in the brain correlates with intensity and duration of practice. Learning to play an instrument as a child may even predict academic performance and IQ in young adulthood. For example, children who undergo musical training have better verbal memory, second language pronunciation accuracy, reading ability and executive functions. In this review, we synthesize a large body of studies demonstrating that benefits of musical training extend beyond the skills it directly aims to train and last well into adulthood. Neuroimaging revealed plastic changes in the brains of adult musicians but it is still unclear to what extent they are the product of intensive music training rather than of other factors, such as preexisting biological markers of musicality. Musical training has recently gained additional interest in education as increasing neuroscientific research demonstrates its positive effects on brain development. 2Swiss Centre of Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.1Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. ![]() |
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